• Abstract
  • Declaration
  • Copyright statement
  • Acknowledgements
  • I Introduction
  • 1 The voicing effect and beyond
    • 1.1 The voicing effect
    • 1.2 Voicing as a physical property and as a linguistic category
    • 1.3 The voicing effect and other phonological and phonetic factors
    • 1.4 On the phonologisation of the voicing effect
    • 1.5 One phenomenon, many explanations
    • 1.6 Beyond voicing
  • 2 Rationale for the current research
    • 2.1 Research questions
    • 2.2 Language sample
      • 2.2.1 Italian
      • 2.2.2 Polish
      • 2.2.3 English
    • 2.3 Preview of results
  • 3 Methods
    • 3.1 Exploratory study of the voicing effect in Italian and Polish (Study I)
      • 3.1.1 Participants
      • 3.1.2 Ultrasound tongue imaging and electroglottography
      • 3.1.3 Equipment set-up
      • 3.1.4 Procedure and data processing
    • 3.2 Compensatory aspects of the effect of voicing on vowel duration in English (Study II)
    • 3.3 Open Science
      • 3.3.1 “With great power comes great replicability”
      • 3.3.2 The dark side of research
      • 3.3.3 Where we stand and where we are heading
      • 3.3.4 Putting this into practice
  • II Original publications
  • 4 An exploratory study of voicing-related differences in vowel duration as compensatory temporal adjustment in Italian and Polish [Paper I]
    • Abstract
    • 4.1 Introduction
      • 4.1.1 The present study
    • 4.2 Method
      • 4.2.1 Participants
      • 4.2.2 Equipment
      • 4.2.3 Materials
      • 4.2.4 Procedure
      • 4.2.5 Data processing and measurements
      • 4.2.6 Statistical analysis
      • 4.2.7 Open Science statement
    • 4.3 Results
      • 4.3.1 Vowel duration
      • 4.3.2 Consonant closure duration
      • 4.3.3 Vowel and closure duration
      • 4.3.4 Word duration
      • 4.3.5 Release-to-release interval duration
    • 4.4 Discussion
      • 4.4.1 Voicing effect in Italian and Polish
      • 4.4.2 Compensatory temporal adjustment
      • 4.4.3 Limitations and future work
    • 4.5 Conclusions
    • 4.6 Socio-linguistic information of participants {-}
  • 5 Temporal (in)stability in English monosyllabic and disyllabic words: Insights on the effect of voicing on vowel duration [Paper II]
    • Abstract
    • 5.1 Introduction
      • 5.1.1 A gestural account of the voicing effect
      • 5.1.2 The voicing effect in English
      • 5.1.3 Research hypotheses
    • 5.2 Methods
      • 5.2.1 Sample size and stopping rule
      • 5.2.2 Participants
      • 5.2.3 Equipment
      • 5.2.4 Materials
      • 5.2.5 Procedure
      • 5.2.6 Data processing and measurements
      • 5.2.7 Statistical analysis
    • 5.3 Results
      • 5.3.1 Release-to-release duration
      • 5.3.2 Vowel duration
      • 5.3.3 Consonant closure duration
    • 5.4 Discussion
      • 5.4.1 Release-to-release interval
      • 5.4.2 Vowel and closure duration
      • 5.4.3 General discussion
    • 5.5 Conclusion
  • 6 Longer vowel duration correlates with greater tongue root displacement: Acoustic and articulatory data from Italian and Polish [Paper III]
    • Abstract
    • 6.1 Introduction
      • 6.1.1 Tongue root position and voicing
      • 6.1.2 Vowel duration and voicing
      • 6.1.3 This study
    • 6.2 Methodology
      • 6.2.1 Participants
      • 6.2.2 Equipment
      • 6.2.3 Materials
      • 6.2.4 Procedure
      • 6.2.5 Data processing and statistical analysis
    • 6.3 Results
      • 6.3.1 Tongue root position at C2 closure onset
      • 6.3.2 Tongue root position during V1
      • 6.3.3 Correlation between tongue root position and V1 duration
      • 6.3.4 Tongue root position during V1 as a function of V1 duration
    • 6.4 Discussion
      • 6.4.1 Voicing, tongue root position and vowel duration
      • 6.4.2 Estimates of tongue root displacement
      • 6.4.3 Individual differences
    • 6.5 Conclusion
  • 7 Modelling electroglottographic data with wavegrams and generalised additive mixed models [Paper IV]
    • Abstract
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Pilot study
    • 7.3 Wavegram GAM analysis of vowels followed by voiceless vs voiced stops
    • 7.4 Conclusion
  • III Discussion and conclusion
  • 8 General discussion
    • 8.1 A pluralist view
      • 8.1.1 Gestural phasing
      • 8.1.2 Diachrony, production, and perception
    • 8.2 On cross-linguistic differences
    • 8.3 Embracing variation and accepting uncertainty
  • 9 Implications and future research
  • Appendices
  • A Assessing mid-sagittal tongue contours in polar coordinates using generalised additive (mixed) models
    • Abstract
    • A.1 Introduction
      • A.1.1 Ultrasound tongue imaging
      • A.1.2 Generalised Additive models
      • A.1.3 Polar coordinates
    • A.2 Polar GAM(M)s
      • A.2.1 Data collection and processing
      • A.2.2 Fitting a polar GAM
    • A.3 Comparing tongue root position in voiceless and voiced stops
    • A.4 Conclusions
    • A.5 Data Accessibility Statement
  • B Bayesian meta-analysis of the voicing effect in English
  • C Cross-linguistic comparison of the voicing effect in English, Italian, and Polish
  • D Gesture onset timing of voiceless and voiced stops in Italian and Polish
  • E An informal analysis of number of speakers per phonetic study by year and endangerment status
  • References

Vowel duration and consonant voicing: A production study

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