class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Exploring pathways to contrastive vowel nasalisation ## Or what today’s articulatory patterns can tell us about yesterday’s sound change ### Stefano Coretta ### Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing LMU ### 2021/05/25 --- class: middle center ![:scale 50%](img/IPS_Logo_deutsch.png) ![](img/LOGO-ERC.jpg) --- class: middle # Overview .f2[ - Conceptual background - Typological survey - Diachrony - English MRI data ] --- class: inverse middle center bg-black # .small-caps[conceptual background] --- # Phon(et)ological systems .center[ ![](img/drake-phonetology.jpg) ] --- # Phonologisation .panelset[ .panel[.panel-name[Structuralism] .bg-washed-green.b--dark-green.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ Phonologisation is the creation of a new phonemic contrast, or in other words when a contextual allophone becomes *contrastive* (i.e. a phoneme). ] .tr[ — Kiparsky 2015 ] ] .panel[.panel-name[Lexical Ph] .bg-washed-blue.b--dark-blue.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ A process is phonologised when it goes from being post-lexical to being lexical. ] .tr[ — Kiparsky 1988 ] ] .panel[.panel-name[Stratal OT] .bg-washed-yellow.b--gold.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ Phonologisation occurs when the constraint ordering of the phrasal domain is carried over to the word and stem domains. ] .tr[ — Kiparsky 2000, Bermúdez-Otero 2017 ] ] .panel[.panel-name[Life Cycle] .bg-near-white.b--purple.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ Phonologisation occurs when a physio-anatomical ("mechanic") phenomenon comes under the control of the speaker/hearer and becomes part of their grammar (more specifically, part of the *phonetic module* of the grammar). ] .tr[ — Bermúdez-Otero 2007, Bermúdez-Otero 2015 ] ] .panel[.panel-name[Exemplar] .bg-washed-yellow.b--orange.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ Every type of sound variation/alternation is "phonologised" (i.e. neuro-cognitive permanence) as soon as it is experienced by the speaker/hearer *and* stored in memory. ] .tr[ — Johnson 1997, Sóskuthy et al. 2018, Ambridge 2018, Todd et al. 2019 ] ] ] --- class: inverse middle center bg-black # .small-caps[typology] --- class: middle # Contrastive vowel nasalisation .center[ .b[Konai] .pull-left[ [d̪iɔ] 'bone' ] .pull-right[ [d̪ĩɔ̃] 'grass' ] .b[Lakota] .pull-left[ [ˈsu] 'seed' ] .pull-right[ [ˈsũ] 'braid' ] .b[Palantla Chinantec] .pull-left[ [háa] 'so' ] .pull-right[ [háã] 'foam' ] ] --- class: middle # Distribution
.right[Vowel nasalisation in WALS] --- class: center middle ![](index_files/figure-html/vnas-mos-1.png)<!-- --> --- class: center middle ![](index_files/figure-html/vnas-mos-area-1.png)<!-- --> --- class: inverse middle center bg-black # .small-caps[diachrony] --- class: middle center # What does it take? --- class: middle center # VOWEL~NASAL <br><br> COARTICULATION --- class: middle # Case study: Rio-Branco (Arawakan)
--- class: center middle .pull-left[ **Mawayana** /n-ɗeː/ 1sg-child ] -- .pull-right[ **Wapishana** /ũ-ɖa(-ni)/ 1sg-kin(-?) ] -- → Proto-Rio-Branco \**nu* '1sg' -- .pull-left[ /n-nũː/ 1sg-1sg.SUBJ ] .pull-right[ /ũ(-gaɽɨ)/ 1sg.SUBJ ] --- class: middle center <span style="font-size:5rem;">Ṽ.green[N] > Ṽ.light-green[N] > Ṽ.light-gray[N] > .green[Ṽ]</span> --- class: center middle # What does the<br>.dark-green[reduction of nasals]<br>look like? --- class: inverse center middle bg-black # .dark-green[nasal]<br>=<br>oral constriction<br>+<br>velum opening --- class: inverse center middle bg-black # .dark-green[nasal]<br>=<br>tongue tip constriction<br>+<br>velum opening --- # British and American English .bg-washed-yellow.b--orange.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ .f2[41 speakers (24 BrE, 17 AE)] ] .bg-washed-green.b--dark-green.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ .f2[*Saw **bent** about two*] .f2[*Saw **bend** about two*] ] --- # Real-time MRI .cf.ph2-ns[ .fl.w-40.pa2[ ![](img/mri/mri-vid.png) ] .fl.w-60.pa2[ ![](img/mri/vel-signal.png) ] ] --- # Tongue tip and velum .center[ ![](img/fpca/tip_velum.png) ] --- # Tongue tip and velum .center[ ![](img/fpca/fpca_alt.gif) ] --- # Tongue tip and velum .center[ ![:scale 80%](img/fpca/pc1_strip.png) ] --- # Open questions .bg-washed-yellow.b--orange.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt2[ A **looser tongue-tip** constriction corresponds to **greater velum opening**. ➤ What does this mean for the development of contrastive vowel nasalisation? ] -- .bg-washed-yellow.b--orange.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt2[ There are more languages that maintain a tongue-tip constriction than languages that don't. ➤ Which are the (pre)-conditions for the **complete loss** of the tongue-tip constriction? ] -- .bg-washed-yellow.b--orange.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt2[ The degree of nasalisation in contrastive nasalised vowels tends to be greater than that of coarticulatory nasalisation. ➤ Does nasal reduction drive increased nasalisation, the other way around, or both? ] --- class: inverse, middle, center, bg-black # That's all! (ask me about this meme) ![:scale 80%](img/madea.png) --- class: middle right # What about <br> .dark-green[sound change]? --- # Source/Effect Trading model (SET) .panelset[ .panel[.panel-name[Concept] .center[ ![](img/models/set.svg) ] .tr[ — Beddor 2009, 2012 ] ] .panel[.panel-name[Expectations] .bg-washed-green.b--dark-green.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ 1. Diachronically, the **velum gesture shifts earlier** (towards the vowel) but its duration and amplitude don't change. 2. Synchronically, this should show up as an **earlier velum gesture if the C in NC is voiceless** (e.g. *bent* vs *bend*). ] .tr[ — Beddor 2009, 2012 ] ] .panel[.panel-name[Observed] .bg-washed-yellow.b--orange.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[ Synchronic data from ~30 German speakers. ➜ The velum gesture is earlier when C is voiceless, ***but* both duration and amplitude decrease**. ] .tr[ — Carignan et al. 2021 ] ] ] --- # Cue Re-Weighting model (CReW) ![](img/models/crew.svg) .tr[ — Carignan et al. 2021 ]